Wanderlust and Travel NT

Journeys can include those that are physical, mental or inner and are often accompanied by challenges that can change the individual mostly for the better. Journeys are taken for many reasons, some are taken from choice and others are compulsory. A journey can be lone or be accompanied. The outcomes of journeys may shape the individual as a person. I was not aware of the depth or many aspects of concept of journey till our study of it. After our study I have developed a appreciation not only of all of the things I have mentioned but the affect that journey has on the lives on everyone of us. Wanderlust by Dorothy Hewett explores journeys, both physical and imaginative. The poem starts off with a quote from another poem. â€Å"When I was but thirteen or so I went into a golden land† and leads on to the protagonist stating that she wants to travel to the edge of the world. The reason for the girl’s desire for many traveling experiences first comes from the quote in W J Tuner’s Poem. Her wide spread of knowledge through her interest in books has also made her want to travel the world. In Wanderlust the protagonist reveals the imaginative journey she takes through her books that she reads. Her sense of experiencing journey in her head is shown throughout the poem. â€Å"Taking off in a gypsy moth in the London to Sydney air race† â€Å"She wanted to travel to the edge of the world past the timberline† The journeys undertaken in her mind have made her who she is. The realization of life is her journey through all the books and travels in her imagination. In the final stanza the meaning of her journey is given, she really wants to travel but she can’t. â€Å"She put the books back on the shelf† All the experiences given before were all fabricated in her imagination. Her ideas set alight her imagination which went wild, taking her all over the world. â€Å"She rifled the Pharaohs bones†¦ looking down from the tops of the Andes†¦.† Her experiences in all the stories have proven that she wants the leave her ordinariness of her life and travel the world. But on putting the books back and savoring her own surrounding she shows she is content to travel in her imagination via the books. â€Å"Walked to the front gate, the moon was up she could smell the orchard in the cold† The ad by travelNT shows a young traveling couple following a physical journey. The sun down on the horizon and the beams reflecting the red off the surrounds has given a real feeling of excitement and wonder. â€Å"Seeing Palm valley made us feel like the luckiest people alive† The quote on the other side of the picture relates to the near surrounding in which they intended to travel to. Followed by â€Å"It was like stepping back through time, everything untouched as far as the eye can see† inviting the reader to take a similar journey. The description gives a sense of tranquility, and the realization that the travelers can travel to a distance place where human kind has not disturbed the area. The physical journey made by the young couple can become a life changing experience through their having to cope with new surroundings, different customs and learning new skills. Journeys often lead to a different perception of life and how it affects you. No matter what type of journey is taken, it affects the individual. In Wanderlust the protagonist wants to travel but only travels through her imagination and the young couple are adventurers traveling to distant planes, but in both cases the travelers may undergo significant changes as their result of their journey. The protagonist in Wanderlust conveys her experiences through her knowledge acquired from books and her imaginative travels while travel NT relates a physical journey however in both journeys the benefit was to widen their way of thinking of the people involved The skills gained from each journey are different. The physical journey provides problem solving, physical skills while in Wanderlust the protagonist shows her mental skills using her mind to imagine. Aside from the different journeys and destination they have taken, the important thing was not the journey itself but the how they engaged themselves to the journey. In learning journey it seems that I was on a journey myself learning the aspects of concept of journey. The study on journey reflects what we might undergo in the future no matter what type of journey is involved. I have come to understand that our life is journey and may also encounter obstacles but will lead to many great experiences.

Personal Healthy Living Plan

Personal Healthy Living Plan 1. Feb. 19. 2013| Food Eaten| How much Eaten| Breakfast| Milk| 1 cup| Lunch | Salmon Lettace Sandwich | 1 Normal sized Sandwich | Dinner| RiceBeefTomatoesEggs| 1 bowl Few slicesAround 1 whole tomato | Snacks| Candy| 2 piece | Feb. 20. 2013| Food Eaten| How much Eaten| Breakfast| Soy Milk| 1 cup| Lunch | Cup noodle| 1 Serving | Dinner| FruitsCreme SoupSpaghetti | 2 Whole Oranges | Snacks| Chips | 70g bag of Chips | Feb. 21. 2013| Food Eaten| How much Eaten| Breakfast| Water| 1 cup |Lunch | RiceChickenRadish| 1/2 a bowlFew piece 3-4 piece | Dinner| Chow Mein -Carrots-beef-lettace-mushroomsSteamed FishFruit| 1. 5 bowl 1 Orange | Snacks| Candy | 6 piece. | Physical Activities: Job Around the neighborhood every Mon, Wed, and Fri; depends on the weather. 4. Notes of Canada’s good guide -Eat at least one dark green and one serving vegetable each day -Choose vegetables and fruit prepared with little or no added fat, sugar or salt. -Have meat alternatives s uch as beans, lentils and tofu often – Consume at least two servings of fish each week -Use vegetable oil such as canola, olive and soybean Make at least half of your grain products whole grain each day -Have real Fruits and vegetables Compare your eating habits with the recommendations found in Canada’s Food guide. Base on what the food guide says, what menu changes, if any, would you make to the meals you ate over the three days you tracked and that you eat in general? Why? Compared to my eating habits for the past three days, to the eating baits with the recommendations found in Canada’s Food guide, it seems like my habit is a little off from being healthy. I should eat a little more for breakfast, and sometime more healthier during lunch.I might try adding oatmeal and toasts to my breakfast meal, and provide more fruits and vegetables for lunch. After these small changes, I think I eat pretty healthy since I usually eat at least 1-2 servings of rice, noodles , vegetables, and meat for dinner. For the past 3 days, I ate multiply of candies. It contains a lot of sugar and if I continue on eating candies every day, it will affect my health. Regular Exercise Routines 1. Explain what exercise routines youa re currently involved in. Hwo do these connect to the completeion of your daily physical activity (DPA) requirement? 2.What are someof these challenges you personally encounter as you develop or maintain a regular habit of exercise? 3. What benefits does a regular exercise provide you personally? 1. For daily physical acitivity requirement, we must document and report a minimum of 150 per week fo physical activity. The exercises that I involved in are the same as my DPA requirement. I play badminton with my friends every weekend and I job around the neighbood at least once a week. 2. I had a hard time maintaining a regular habit of exercising, due to the weather 3. A regular exercise can improve my mood and help my sleeping schedule.It wil l also benefit my health by exercising regularly. It also increase the opportunity in finding a better job and creating a better future. Emotional Health Management 1. What does it mean to be emotional healthy? 2. Visit the Canadian Mental Health website and read about stress. Take the stress test and record your scoare. 3. How do you positively manage your emotions when you get uncomfortable with them? Give 2 real life example of this and describe any techniques/strategies you used to help you during these times. 1. Emotional health means the degree to which you feel secure, stable and relax in everyday life.Living a happy life is what makes us worth living. 2. I got 10 score for the stress test. 3. When I get uncomfortable stress, I talk to my friends and family. In certain degree of stress I do varieties of things, including shopping, gaming and movie night. Talking out with my friends helps me relief my stress and other activities allows me to keep my mind off of being unhappy. Positive Health Choices 1. Ive decided to include more vegetables and fruits in my diet, as I lack greens in my diet. It is important so I can have a healthier body. As for exercise, I’ve decided to go to the oval more often to work out.This will make me more fit and it will also help me improve my lever of proactively as exercise help clear mindsets, improve stress management, and make a person more positive. As for emotional health I intend to trust my problems with my current friends and families. 2. Fortunately, I do not consume any illicit drugs or alcohol, and I do not have any plans in the future to do so either. Alcohol will only do harm to my body. It does not only affect my health, it will also affect my family as well. If I were to be in a relationship or any that involves with my sexual health, I would gladly to say no to them; for I am too young.

Introduction to Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Introduction to Psychology - Essay Example Solomon Asch: Group Pressure and Conformity Social psychologist Solomon Asch’s 1951 study of the impact of group pressure on decisions is noted as one of the most important and conclusive. The conduct of the study was fairly simple. Ache showed students in groups of eight to ten--all of whom except one in each group had been coached beforehand to pick the wrong answer on twelve of the eighteen cards. Each card had a group of three bar lines on the right, and one bar line. Students were asked to pick one bar from a series of three on the right that best matched the one bar on the left. Most subjects were told to deliberately give the wrong answer. Asch arranged the questioning so that most wrong answers would be given before the test subject in the group made his or her decision. The results were significant and according to Zimbardo and Gerrig (2010): â€Å"50 and 80 percent†¦conformed with the false majority estimate†¦a third†¦yielded to the majority’s wrong judgments on half or more of the critical trials† (p. 550). ... more complex psychological elements at work which according to Zimbardo and Gerrig (2010) may indicate impulses at play beyond our simple â€Å"desire â€Å"to be liked, accepted and approved† (p. 549). For instance, Asch noted that the fewer people who gave wrong answers the fewer test subjects did the same, indicating a strong mistrust element in the views of the few versus those of the majority. As might be concluded, a decided lack of independence and confidence was clear when it came to one’s rational judgment over that of the pack. Considering the often incomprehensible election habits of individuals, this becomes particularly relevant in terms of electorate behavior. The 25 percent who always conformed was roughly equal to the same percentage who never conformed (Zimbardo and Gerrig, 2010) indicating a possible polar aspect to the behavior. On the positive side, it should be noted that significant change in most aspects of life come from the minority generally c onsidered non-conformers. As Zimbardo and Gerrig (2010) found, â€Å"The conflict between entrenched majority view and the dissonant minority perspective is an essential precondition of innovation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( p. 551). As evidenced in the recent film, â€Å"The Social Network,† Facebook creator, Marc Zuckerman’s insistence on thinking independently ultimately produced a multi-billion dollar empire. For the others who conform even in the face of obvious evidence that they should not conform, there may very well be serious psychological disorders underpinning the behavior. The major disorders according to Zimbardo and Gerrig (2010) are categorized based their affect on the individual as follows: the individual experiences personal distress or dysfunction; behaves in ways that hinder goals and wellbeing or

The Concept of Globalisation and its Effect on International Businesse Assignment - 1

The Concept of Globalisation and its Effect on International Businesses - Assignment Example Starting off with the complex aspect of culture, the essay will then delve into further studies on globalization and international business with the help of relevant literature and applicable real-time cases. It is evident that globalization has and is constantly resulting in increased amounts of inter-cultural contact, increased pressure on organizations to exploit opportunities abroad and expand accordingly, and the consequent challenges of managing a culturally diverse workforce. Culture itself is an intangible but volatile entity that is constantly evolving and is manifested through shared values that are propagated between individuals in any particular society, thus forming group dynamics. Schein (2004) refers to these shared values as collective solutions that a group has reached, to align their internal abilities to be able to contend with external forces, and that have worked and have been passed on to newcomers into the group. These values are expressed in the group’s behavior, in terms of the way they do things, the clothes they wear – referred to as symbols, language(s) they speak etc (Buchanan and Huczynsky, 2004; Mullins, 2007; Schein, 2004). All of the above though is the collective representation of a group’s thinking process. Hofstede, however, distinguishes between collective and individual thinking, referring to these processes as ‘mental programming’ (1997; 2001), and argues that each individual member in a society has a personality influenced by the culture of his/her social environment apart from their own family. And as each individual develops their mental program determined by these factors, the collective programming of all these individuals put together distinguishes their group from others. This is evident when we discuss national cultures and associate people of certain nationalities with values and symbols unique to their culture(s).

An Investigation Of The Common Reason Special Education Students Fail Dissertation

An Investigation Of The Common Reason Special Education Students Fail To Graduate From High School - Dissertation Example ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background 2 Problem Statement 12 Purpose of the Study 15 Research Questions 16 Scope of the Study 16 Limitations and Delimitations 17 Definition of Terms 20 Research Plan 21 CHAPTER TWO 25 LITERATURE REVIEW 25 Introduction 25 Overview 26 Institutional reasons for dropping out 39 School belonging and dropout rates 45 Special education services and dropout rates 48 Exit exams 50 Inclusion: Does it reduce dropout rates? 55 Teachers and inclusion 65 Dropout prevention programs 72 IEP programming 75 Transition programming 77 Programs attending to social and academic elements of student lives: Finn’s participation-identification model of school engagement-belonging 80 School belonging and engagement and special education 92 Case studies of best practice school engagement programs that have improved the retention level of special education students in high school 100 C onclusion 103 CHAPTER THREE 105 METHODOLOGY 105 Introduction 105 Research Questions 106 Design 107 Active Observation 113 Intensive Interview 115 Replication of the Study 117 The Researcher’s Role 118 Data Collection Procedures 118 In-depth Interviews 119 Qualitative Data Analysis 122 The Coding Process 123 Trustworthiness 127 Ethical Considerations 129 APPENDIX A 143 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION High School Dropout Concerns Educators, policy makers and researchers have consistently tied the achievement gap to the student dropout rate (Ladson-Billings, 2006). As a result, educators, parents, employers and policy makers have expressed concerned over the persistent high drop-out rate particularly among high school students (Burris & Welner, 2005). For instance, reports from the US Census Bureau...For instance, reports from the US Census Bureau indicate that over the last 20 years or so, high school rates in the US have steadily declined to such an extent that it reached 90% (Barton , 2006). There has been a corresponding decline in labor force numbers indicating that fewer and fewer under-educated persons are entering the workforce (Lee and Mather, 2008). Tyler and Lofstrom (2009) reviewed US student data and concluded that dropout rate consistently fluctuates between 22 and 25 percent. The Editorial Projects in Education (EPE) Research Center (2010) conducted a national report, which found that approximately 1.3 million youth drop out of high school every year. However, the White House (as cited in America’s Promise Alliance, 2009) reported the number as a slightly lower figure of 1.2 million. A quantitative review of statistics by Sum et al (2009) demonstrates that â€Å"the incidence of institutionalization problems among young high school dropouts was more than 63 times higher than among young four-year college graduates† (p. 9). The need for effective dropout prevention strategies is important because the increasingly significant gap between the student who leaves high school without earning his/her diploma and the high school graduate has increasingly widened since the 1970s with regard to career mobility, unemploy ment rates and wages.

Non-Native English Speakers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non-Native English Speakers - Essay Example People can still do much better or complement a lack of language mastery through other non-verbal means, and a world which has seen a large number of people move from one country to another through a process of immigration made language learning an essential ingredient for success to a lot of people. But this does not mean that those who cannot speak the language perfectly cannot get their message across, as other means are available in order to communicate. An example of this situation is when a person is learning how to speak and write English to be like a native speaker. The discovery of America triggered probably one of the largest waves of immigration in the history of people's movement. This period is called as the Age of Immigration, in which some 32 million people moved from Europe to America between the years 1820 to 1920 for a variety of reasons (Pakenham, 1998:64) and this trend of people moving out from their countries to another country even continues to this day. Among the reasons are to seek political asylum to avoid persecution and repression, pursue economic opportunities, as migrants seeking to improve their lives, for inter-racial marriages and as globalization in trade and commerce has increased, for investment and business opportunities as well. Modern forms of travel have greatly contributed to this massive movement of people, such as in the global tourism sector. Discussion This massive movement of people across different countries and varied cultures requires the use of a common language for them to communicate and understand each other. By virtue of being a world power, England earlier and then America later, English has become almost the accepted standard for global communications, called as the lingua franca (as it is the virtual universal language used to bridge two people speaking entirely different mother tongues). In this connection, English, as spoken between them, may not be as perfect as native speakers. Be that as it may, Engl ish between these two persons can still be understood even if it is quite awkward or rudimentary, as long as the message gets across and the intent is understood. The requirement that English should be perfect is not absolute for people to understand. Further, it takes some time for full assimilation, together with the concomitant language shift; it explains why many people of today speak only imperfect English (ibid. 99). However, such limitations do not preclude people from successfully interacting with each other. This is true in the international arena of globalization in business, finance, trade, and commerce. This increased mixing and intermingling of people of various cultures have led to the cultural diversity we see in many countries today. This multicultural environment has placed people in close proximity with people of other cultures and many languages, leading to multi-ethnic societies in which the citizens of a country has to deal with ethnic immigrants in their midst. In this context, it is vital that people should still be able to communicate and get along fairly well, even in elementary ways so that they could understand each other and hold the fabric of society together.  

Role and Functions of Law Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role and Functions of Law Paper - Essay Example This paper outlines the roles and functions of law in the well-being of a venture in the corporate sector. It also outlines the necessity of business law professionals in a global perspective. In many occasions, law takes a significant role in regulating social behavior and supplying ethical standards in the society. This is evident from the rules of conduct, measures to enforce the rules and an effective channel of settling disputes. In the current society, laws play a vital role in peace keeping, promoting the freedom of business persons and checking power of the government. The laws are bound together by constitutions, statutes and treaties. In this case, constitutions establish the fundamental principles of government in regulating the commercial activities of a given venture. At the same time, the statutes and common law involve elected representatives of the legislative branch of the state in implementing the rules at hand. On the other hand, the treaties and executive laws are laws enacted between states and countries or president and governors. Such laws regulate the economic and political well-being of a given state in running its commercial activities. That is why they are classified in different categories in regard to their necessities in commercial activities in the society. ... These rules benefit the society in various ways and must be uphold in governing a business venture. It entails maintaining order and letting business partners and customers understand the ethics of the business. At the same time, criminal law assists in resolving disputes and conflict between quarrelling individuals. Over the years, the laws have been used in identifying conduct and protecting individuals and property. This secures the wellbeing of business people and facilitates their survival probability in the market. That is why the government reinforces criminal laws that safeguard civil liberties and ensure a smooth functioning of the business (Clarkson, 2005, p, 253). Substantive law in investments is not an exceptional in regulating the rules and ethics of the business. In a free market, substantive laws are used as statutory laws that define the rights and duties of every individual in the commercial set up. The rules confer legal and social rights to the business persons th rough guidelines enforced by government bodies. In most cases, it encompasses principles of right and wrong before outlining the conviction of the case. Commercial entities use substantive law in resolving issues related to the rights and freedom of citizens. The law establishes a basis for the extent of freedom of individuals to own property or run business at a given place. In return, all the members of a populous business set up are obligated to respect the business and property of commercial entities. When carrying out substantive law, the court plays an upper hand in examining the situation and determining the conduct of the parties alleged. In either way, the court resolves the issues at hand based on the values of business surrounding the commercial

How to get victims of rape and sexual assault to report their attack Research Paper

How to get victims of rape and sexual assault to report their attack - Research Paper Example Discussion in the paper brings this core idea to everyone’s notice. Paradoxically as it may seem, but the social pressure and the human opinion from the sidelines impacts the decision making process of those suffering from the negative phenomena of the society itself. It is all about the victims of the sexual assault and people who commit such crimes against them. It is difficult to make out the optimal remedy for getting the victims report on the cases of assault. However, all methods would be good for the sake of the final result, i.e. punishment of the criminal. In this case each individual would feel himself/herself in safety. Thus, to make a victim feel free to report on the case of rape is to provide a victim with the feeling of care, support, and security at each stage of the investigation. First of all, the current situation with law and order in the United States of America leaves much to be desired. Most of the victims living in the streets of the huge cities like New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and others take it for granted that police and the judicial system of the US cannot prevent the society from the growing threat of the crime. It means that most of the victims do not even go to police having an idea that nothing will help them in their situation. On the other hand, they do not want to disclose such a negative case in their lives so that to keep themselves on a safe side from the overall social regrets and, say, blames. The trace of rape is never easy to bear for a victim. However, the society cannot realize it to the full. Golden et al. (2010) admit in their study on the rape as a social drawback the following idea, namely: â€Å"The continued judgment of, or disdain for, victims of rape is a form of social stigmatization† (p. 160). Hereby, the way to make a victim open to the talk on such a subtle topic from his/her life is to feel keenly the scenario of the rape and the

Ethical principles in end of life care - The liverpool care pathway Essay

Ethical principles in end of life care - The liverpool care pathway - Essay Example On the contrary, other sources including that of the Health Minister Jeremy Hunt who describes it as â€Å"a fantastic step forward† (Donnelly, 2013) still maintain their favour believing that the pathway is playing its intended role of ensuring that people are treated in dignity, compassion and comfort during their last days of life instead of enduring invasive and life prolonging treatments (Randall and Downie, 2010, p.91). As a result of these controversies, the government ordered an independent review in 2012 chaired by Baroness Neuberger. The review finding recommends the Liverpool Care Pathway to be phased out and be replaced by a personalised end of life care plan that takes good care of the life of a patient who is facing imminent death (Department of Health, 2013). The LCP has clearly set the stage for ethical and legal controversies about patients, family rights and the role of the medical professions (Glare and Christakis 2008, p. 429). Replacing the LCP to a person alised end of life care plan may not resolve the controversies if the same transgressions persist. In that context, this paper aims to objectively review the literature and explore the challenges that contributed to its failure in order to accurately consider the future development of the recently recommended personalised End of Life Care Plan. Overview The Liverpool Care Pathway for the dying patient was developed as an integrated care pathway by the specialist palliative care team at the Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust and the Marie Curie palliative care institute Liverpool in 1997 (Ellershaw and Wilkinson, 2003, p. 11). The LCP is a structured clinical record developed to transfer the hospice model of care into other care settings (Jack, Gamble, Murphy, and Ellershaw 2003, p. 371). It aims to support clinical judgements and assist multidisciplinary team in providing optimal treatment and care for patients who are dying(Boyd and Murry 2012), as well a s improve the experience of the relatives or carers during this period and into bereavement (Gambles, Roberts and Anita 2011). It focuses in providing evidence-based framework on different aspects of care required including comfort measures, discontinuation of inappropriate intervention among others (Ellershaw and Murphy 2011, p. 11). The Liverpool Care Pathway was advocated by the Department of Health (2012) as a model of good practice in End of Life care and quality makers and measures for promoting high quality care for all adults in the end of life (MCPCIL). Additionally, the General Medical Council (General Medical Council, 2010) supported it, over 20 organisations and charities as demonstrated in the consensus report for its support published by the NHS in 2012 and the National Institute for Health Care Excellence (NICE) Quality Standard for End of Life care for adults. Regardless of its high approvals and recommendations, the LCP has been blamed for delivering poor quality ca re to patient in their final days (Payne, Seymour, Ingleton 2008, p.392). The independent review findings identified a number of important issues that affected the ability to implement the LCP effectively in the provision of quality healthcare to persons who are almost dying or facing imminent death. Amongst which were lack of knowledge and

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

Translation and Technology Essay Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Series Editors’ Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction 1 Definition of Terms Machine translation Human-aided machine translation Machine-aided human translation Human translation The localization industry Conclusion 2 Translation Studies and Translation Technology Translation theory Academic and professional groups in translation Linguistic theories in machine translation systems Translation studies The translation process Conclusion 3 Machine. Translation Systems Major historical developments Architectures Hybrid and interactive  machine translation systems Online machine translation systems Commercial machine translation systems Reasons for using machine translation systems Conclusion vii ix xii xiv xvi 1 6 8 11 13 14 19 20 22 22 26 30 36 43 55 57 58 66 84 85 87 89 91 viii Contents. 4 Computer-Aided Translation Tools and Resources Workbenches Translation support tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided translation tools Standards for data interchange Conclusion 5 Evaluating Translation Tools Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Stakeholders Evaluation methods General frameworks for evaluating translation tools Conclusion 6 Recent Developments and Future Directions Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Translation systems with speech technology. Translation systems for minority languages Translation on the web Machine translation systems and the semantic web The localization industry Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships between topics and translation types Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Conclusion Appendices References Index 93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9. Classification of translation types Machine translation model Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided machine translation model Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation process model Example of sentence representations Holmes’ schema of translation studies. A schema of  applied translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks Example of an English SL text and its pre-edited version Unedited and post-edited Spanish machine translation output Example of natural and controlled languages Example of original English text and its AECMA simplified English version Example of natural English, simplified English and simplified Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illustration of the translation process using a machine translation system. Chronology of machine translation development Example of structural representations Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix 7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4. 20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2. Statistical-based model Probabilities workflow in the statistical-based approach Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web page Example of the web page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory system Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems. Flowchart to illustrate how to build a parallel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word ‘round’ Types of tool used in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMX  data-sharing Example of a header in TMX. Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation element in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluating machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Future-use model of translation technology. Speech technology in translation 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20. Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of perfect matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for ‘bow’ Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database. Classification of commercial computer-aided translation tools Degree of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems Source-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text Language dependency Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groups. and data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 175 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5. 1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors’ Preface Recent years have witnessed momentous changes in the study of Modern Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the one hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the command of other languages a less compelling commodity. On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a result of many recent social, political and economic developments; these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the ease of travel, telecommunications, commercial pressures raising awareness of local needs, migration and employment mobility, and a heightened awareness of linguistic and human rights. Today, linguistically oriented students wishing to pursue a career in which they are able to further their interest in languages and cultures would be more inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interpreting play an important part rather than traditional Modern Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interpreting have been extended, particularly as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media. The role of translation is, for example, becoming increasingly important in the context of modern media such as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes. And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the police officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a different continent, have extended the previously physically confined nature of mediating the spoken word. Not only do these new vistas open up opportunities for the professional linguist, they also point to expanding areas of research in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, especially in the case of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Studies. As a result, the first aim of this series, written primarily for the MA and advanced undergraduate student, is to highlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation. The second aim is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors’ Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline. Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contributions. This book would have taken more time to complete if it had not been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched background information for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on helping to visualize a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7. I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision Science at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where most of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward Library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science at the University of Waterloo for their help. I would also like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyright material in this book: John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1; Eugene Nida and the Linguistic Society of America for the translation process in Chapter 2; John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc. for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2; Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI Malay–English dictionary entry in Chapter 3; Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the building of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4; Tony Jewtushenko and Peter Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4; Enrique de Argaez at Internet World Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6; Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, Springer Science and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6. To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for translating from English into Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for any translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering some of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xv  To Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my ‘sifu’ and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation discussions we had during our coffee–biscuit sessions years ago. If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and understanding due to my ‘country-hopping’ from Southeast Asia to North America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations. ACRoTERMITE AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT DTS EAGLES EARS EDIG Terminology of Telecommunications European Association of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries Association of America Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee Automatic Language Processing System Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language. Translator Japanese to English Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and Defence American Translators Association British American Scientific International, Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne d’Evaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English Central Intelligence Agency Center of International Cooperation for Computerization Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar. Technical English Chinese University Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii. ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer European. Terminology Database Aerospace  and Defence Industries Association of Europe European Translation Infrastructure d’EVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe d’Etude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/Assisted Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International Sample of English Contrastive. Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International Organization for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti Linguistic Data Consortium Localisation Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format xviii List of Abbreviations. MASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC SALT SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University MultiLingual Information Retrieval Machine. Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance Programme Optical Character Recognition Open Lexicon Interchange Format Operating System Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use Patent  Translation Pan-American Health Organization Personal Digital Assistant Portuguese-English Sentence Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup. Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a l’Universite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies: Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio Voice Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xix WebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Ontology World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be developed. This is reflected in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources. The majority of books and articles on translation technology focusing on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of view of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focused on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be useful to professional translators and those interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed. Programming details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are included. Descriptions are given to allow readers to further investigate specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using references cited throughout the book. It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and every one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best; they are simply examples to illustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technology While researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving experimental systems developed or being developed at a number of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will show that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature seems to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems. As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memory system comes in many versions from the most basic to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be found in translator magazines and occasionally also posted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. Again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems. Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes involved in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the impression that they are not related to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology. Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some described in greater detail than others. In some chapters, an abbreviated historical background has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation. However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a later time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of every chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confusing to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools. In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for; in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the perspective of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is therefore to clarify these terminological and related matters. An alternative perspective to the four basic translation types – fully automated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation – first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in relation to topics described in the book. The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the relationship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined. This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories – known as ‘formalisms’ in natural-language processing – especially in the design of machine translation systems. A different perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called ‘controlled language’ is also presented. This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as ‘architectures’. The development of machine translation over several decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems. Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine translation systems because there is every reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are moving towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the integration of machine translation with translation memory. The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so ‘standards for data interchange’ have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently available commercial translation tools are also discussed. In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation: human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe. The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available on the evaluation of computeraided translation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters. The sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech. This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not widely spoken. Another form of technology called the ‘Semantic Web’ that has the potential to improve the performance of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry. The book concludes by presenting an expanded version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is concluded that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no longer able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology. Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book. It is not possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and easily even in this way. This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia. Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Internet sites may not be permanent; at the time of the writing, every effort has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible. 1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ machine translation (MT); machine-aided/assisted human translation (MAHT); human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT); computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT); machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT); fully automatic high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear. For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it ‘machine-aided translation’ (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, ‘computer-aided translation’ is used throughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term ‘aided’ is chosen instead of ‘assisted’, as also in ‘human-aided machine translation’ and ‘machine-aided human translation’. Figure 1. 1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992: 148). This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to sustain as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology. 6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT) MT = machine translation; CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source: Classification of translation types Hutchins and Somers (1992): 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully automatic high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention. At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convinced that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003: 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1. The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear.

Continuous Improvement in Software Development

Continuous Improvement in Software Development The above principle concerns the close, daily collaboration between business people and customers is an important one for Agile as it ensures the usability of the product and consequently quality of work to fulfil the customers requirement in the best way possible (Cohn, 2005). The principle reflects the agile value of customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Schwaber (2004) highlights the importance of this principle as during the last decades with the increasing complexity of IT project, developers and customers have been drifting apart due to unsuitable methodologies that obstruct effective customer collaboration. Requirement collection following this agile principle goes beyond the requirement collection of traditional project management methodologies (Cobb, 2011). Beck (2000) suggests that when using XP, there should always be a customer on site to be able to answer all arising questions instantaneously. Customers often have different or no expectations from a project which emphasizes the need of close collaboration to detect any discrepancies (Cohn, 2005). Cohn (2005) further argues that through daily meetings changing requirements originating in rapidly evolving business environment can be addressed immediately and realignment of the strategy and deliverables is possible. However, the practice of daily customer meetings was not achievable during the wiki project; nonetheless, the team was able to consult with the customer frequently through email and very short response times allowed areas of unclarity to be resolved promptly. This close collaboration was often used to clarify small details in the requirements to increase the customer satisfaction through implementing change request without delay. When this principle is applied cautiously and thoroughly, a high level of trust can be developed between the two parties involved (Schwaber, 2004). Highsmith (2009) further argues that trust is a very important issue to be valued as it enhances the team cohesion and quality of collaborative work. This is supported by the experienced Group Green has made during the wiki project. During iteration 1 and 2, all requirements have been comprehensively discussed and clarified within the team and with the customer during iteration planning and initial customer consultation. After the team has started developing the iterations product, the customer was consulted again to resolve any remaining unclarities. Through this practice of close collaboration the quality of the product was at a very high level which was reflected through the outstanding feedback from the customer. However, during iteration 3 this high level of cooperation with the customer was neglected by the team which was been reflected in the iteration review meeting. The customer was not as satisfied with the product as in the previous two iterations, because the team failed to fulfill the customers requirements and specifications. In the subsequent iteration it was the Scrum Masters top priority to involve the customer again in more detail to enhance communication and idea exchange, removing impediment between the customer and the development team as suggested by Schwaber (2004). To adhere and to apply this principle might be one of the most valuable lessons learned in this project, as the close collaboration ensures a high quality of work and subsequently high customer satisfaction. The principle of sustainable development relates to the aim of developing the product in a constant pace without any perks in development velocity. Sustainability has a great significance, as the whole process of agile development is aimed to be a sustainable approach (Augustine, 2005). Poppendieck and Poppendieck (2003) note that companies which have adopted lean thinking have achieved a significant sustainable performance improvement. Stellman and Greene (2014) highlight that the breaking down of the whole project into smaller more manageable chunks facilitates the process of determining realistic durations of every story point or piece of work that is to be developed. The ability of estimating realistic durations enables the project team to give accurate predictions of the development time of the whole product. This supports a very steady flow of product development and the team can work in a constant and sustainable pace (Cohn, 2005). In software development, this constant flow leads to a higher quality of code and fewer inconsistencies in the source code. In consequence, less time is needed to address bug fixing, which make the whole concept more sustainable and viable (Cohn, 2005). Bug fixing, improving flaws and making corrections often lead to a higher work load for the project team and consequently lowers the motivation and increases the stress the team experiences. The stress primarily results from the still existing deadline at the end of the short iteration which still needs to be met, despite the amount of required re-work. Cohn (2005) further stipulates that over time, the customer realises and acknowledges the high quality, which subsequently enables trust to be developed between the customer and the project team. Cobb (2011) further points out that all team members, not just developers, need to keep pace with each other throughout the whole duration of the project. In agile development, the iterations prevent team members to step in or out of the project in different phases. As a result, the development of the product is much more fluent, as all team member can built up trust and develop a high team cohesion (Cobb, 2011). Cohn (2005) further argues that this can lead to a higher motivation for the project team as they feel empowered and are more willing to achieve better results. Whitworth and Biddle (2007) conclude that agile planning reduces tensions and conflicts and the consecutive development of small tasks promotes motivation in the team, which altogether which leads to an overall quality improvement. In practice, Team Green has experienced the value of this principle, however, not in as much detail as in real-life practice. The project was already divided into weekly iterations, which established the grounds of sustainable development. However, the team experienced the value of dividing the whole project deliverables into smaller parts as this practice greatly improves transparency and clearness of what requirements need to be fulfilled and how this can be achieved. The internally agreed deadlines did not drastically change during the whole project duration. This way the team was able to realise a routine of weekly development, which greatly helped and supported in developing a high-quality product. Trust among the team has been developed at the same time, which facilitated the sustainable development. An important lesson learned in this regard is the necessity of splitting the workload and thoroughly planning durations of the single pieces of work. This greatly benefits a sustainable, constant pace of development and consequently increases the product quality and customer satisfaction. The last agile principle states that the team should regularly reflect on how to become more effective and adopt their work processes accordingly. Through the alignment of the overall approach and the strategy of development, the project team aims to increase the quality baseline of the developed work. Stellman and Greene (2014) note that it is important to include retrospectives to evaluate and assess performance to figure out ways on how to become more effective in future projects. This retrospective should not be limited to one meeting at the end of a project but should be implemented immediately when any possible improvements are recognised. According to Beck (2000) the project team should use daily stand up meetings to get discuss any areas of general development improvement. If this is not possible, the team should try to incorporate a retrospective at least after finishing every iteration (Smith and Upton, 2015). Cobb (2011) elaborates on this in saying that sprints in agile a re generally much shorter than the development duration of traditional approaches, which facilitates the reflecting process. The concept of continuous improvement is linked to lean software development and based on the Kaizen philosophy and re-engineering approach to heighten the standard of status quo to achieve better quality products (Bond, 1999). Kaizen and re-engineering philosophy were originally deduced from operational management in logistics, but can be applied to other improvement processes such as Agile product development. Typically, the improvement process can be divided into four consecutive stages: 1. maintaining process status quo 2. process improvement 3. process re-engineering 4. achieving process stability. Group Green applied this principle during most of the wiki project. In the first two iterations, the team held one retrospective at the end of each iteration to identify areas of improvement and ways to implement more agile principles than the ones that were already used. This practice lead to a high quality of product and customer satisfaction. However, during iteration 3 this principle was neglected and the team did not pursue the strive of further improvement. This was reflected in reduced customer satisfaction in comparison to the previous iterations. In response, the team decided to add an additional retrospective reflect on how to further improve their development process to retrieve the higher quality standard and customer satisfaction of previous iterations. Based on this positive experience of reinforcing this principle it was agreed that an additional retrospective is being held at the end of the wiki project to ensure a high quality of final assignment report. Reflecting t he whole development process, it can be said with certainty that lessons learned includes the necessity of consequently applying this principle. Only by doing so, the prerequisite is fulfilled to continuously deliver high quality products and achiever customer satisfaction.

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. This type of abortion is commonly known as a miscarriage. Other abortions are induced. Induced abortions are intentionally brought on, either because a pregnancy is unwanted or presents a risk to a woman’s health. Induced abortion has become one of the most ethical and philosophical issues of the late 20th century. Modern medical techniques have made induced abortions simpler and less dangerous. But in the United States, the debate over abortion has led to legal battles in the courts, in the Congress of the United States, and state legislatures. It has proven to be spilled over into confrontations, which are sometimes violent, at clinics where abortions are performed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different methods in having an abortion. Induced abortions are performed using one of several methods. The safest and most useful and appropriate method is determined by the age of the fetus, or the length of pregnancy, which is calculated from the beginning of the pregnant woman’s last menstrual period. Most pregnancies last an average of 39 to 40 weeks, about 9 months. This period of time is broken up into three parts known as trimesters. The first trimester is the first 13 weeks, the second trimester is from the 14 to 24 week and the third trimester lasts from the 25th week to birth. Abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy are easier and safer to perform, that is because the fetus is smaller. Abortions in the second and third trimesters are more complicated procedures, which present greater risks to a woman’s health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States, a pregnant woman’s risk of death from a first-term abortion is less than 1 in 100,000. The risk increases by about 30 percent with each week of pregnancy after 12 weeks. Although it is so dangerous many women continue to have abortions. There are even some drug medications used to terminate a woman’s pregnancy. In a method commonly referred to as the morning-after pill, a woman is given large doses of estrogen which is a f... ...rtion which is extremely dangerous. On the other hand, the argument against having abortion is that it can be very risky. Some abortions are so severe that they can kill you. Most of the abortions don’t necessarily have to protect the mothers health since she wants to kill the baby. If the mother doesn’t want to baby so badly than she should put it up for adoption. Majority of the abortions performed in the United States are done in an unskilled way, which leads to either woman dying or having horrendous side effects such as the inability to have children. The woman who is having the abortion should be responsible to prevent a pregnancy from the beginning of the sexual relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion I feel that abortion should be legalized through out the world. I think an amendment should be passed for all those unwanted mothers who either can’t afford to have a baby or who just don’t want it. Obviously my position on this case is to allow the choice of an abortion in any case. I hope I’ve proved my arguments for having an abortion. In the future, I aspire that abortion will be legal in all states and not just selected states through out the country.

Tiger Subspecies :: essays research papers

Tiger Subspecies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am here writing a report on the sub species of tigers. Many of these tigers will not survive in the next forty years due to the killing that us humans have caused. Tiger sub species have not been as important to us humans as whether or not the species Tiger Panthera tigris can survive either in the wild or in captivity for the next forty years. Nevertheless a great deal of information on the future of the tiger can be learned from a study of subspecies. Which is what my report will be based on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is amazing to me that people want numbers of tigers. Process is the important aspect. If I say that the number of Sumatra tigers today is between 300 and 400, it doesn't tell one that the 1975 census was 1500. Therefore saying that the Bali tiger, theCaspian tiger, the Javan tiger, the Manchurian tiger, and the Southwest Chinese tiger are now extinct doesn't give you aportrait of the process of extinction. The Javan tiger became extinct in the 1970's in a set aside special national park under full protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Politicans and bureaucrats seem to be obsessed with numbers and not trends. Let me illustrate this with tigers. There are frequently requests as to the exact number of tigers, or a tiger subspecies left in the world. That tells you that there are people that care. But there are so little tigers left that we can not even keep track of them. We should look at the trend that the population is taking, rather than the number as a slice in time. Just as you might say of a young member of the Hunt family, that they were very wealthy. A hypothetical individual was 24 years old and had $1,000,000. What isn'tavailable in this one time analysis was that this Hunt inherited $24,000,000 at age 21, has no education nor ever worked. At age 22 Hunt had $9,000,000 and at 23 had $4,000,000. Now instead of saying Hunt was rich, we would say Hunt is in trouble. Tigers are a great deal like Hunt. The estimates of tigers are from the Carnivore Preservation Trust has arrived at their own estimates; they are highly educated guesses:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bengal tigers probably number fewer than 1000 in India. In majority of that country it is hopelessly fragmented. It is, overall, actively poached. Fewer than 200 exist in Nepal and under 1000 exist in Myammar (Burma). Indochinese tigers are among 500 and 2000. CPT's guess is about 700 amidst heavy poaching. In the early sixties when the South China tiger had a population of Tiger Subspecies :: essays research papers Tiger Subspecies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am here writing a report on the sub species of tigers. Many of these tigers will not survive in the next forty years due to the killing that us humans have caused. Tiger sub species have not been as important to us humans as whether or not the species Tiger Panthera tigris can survive either in the wild or in captivity for the next forty years. Nevertheless a great deal of information on the future of the tiger can be learned from a study of subspecies. Which is what my report will be based on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is amazing to me that people want numbers of tigers. Process is the important aspect. If I say that the number of Sumatra tigers today is between 300 and 400, it doesn't tell one that the 1975 census was 1500. Therefore saying that the Bali tiger, theCaspian tiger, the Javan tiger, the Manchurian tiger, and the Southwest Chinese tiger are now extinct doesn't give you aportrait of the process of extinction. The Javan tiger became extinct in the 1970's in a set aside special national park under full protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Politicans and bureaucrats seem to be obsessed with numbers and not trends. Let me illustrate this with tigers. There are frequently requests as to the exact number of tigers, or a tiger subspecies left in the world. That tells you that there are people that care. But there are so little tigers left that we can not even keep track of them. We should look at the trend that the population is taking, rather than the number as a slice in time. Just as you might say of a young member of the Hunt family, that they were very wealthy. A hypothetical individual was 24 years old and had $1,000,000. What isn'tavailable in this one time analysis was that this Hunt inherited $24,000,000 at age 21, has no education nor ever worked. At age 22 Hunt had $9,000,000 and at 23 had $4,000,000. Now instead of saying Hunt was rich, we would say Hunt is in trouble. Tigers are a great deal like Hunt. The estimates of tigers are from the Carnivore Preservation Trust has arrived at their own estimates; they are highly educated guesses:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bengal tigers probably number fewer than 1000 in India. In majority of that country it is hopelessly fragmented. It is, overall, actively poached. Fewer than 200 exist in Nepal and under 1000 exist in Myammar (Burma). Indochinese tigers are among 500 and 2000. CPT's guess is about 700 amidst heavy poaching. In the early sixties when the South China tiger had a population of

Nonviolent Offenders Essay -- essays research papers

Nonviolent Offenders – Is Incarceration the Answer?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"It’s really clear that the most effective way to turn a nonviolent person into a violent one is to send them to prison,† says Harvard University criminologist James Gilligan. The American prison system takes nonviolent offenders and makes them live side-by-side with hardened killers. The very nature of prison, no matter people view it, produces an environment that is inevitably harmful to its residents. America locks up five times more of its' population than any other nation in the world. Due to prison overcrowding, prisoners are currently sleeping on floors, in tents, in converted broom closets and gymnasiums, or even in double or triple bunks in cells, which were designed for one inmate. Why is this happening? The U.S. Judicial System has become so succumbed to the ideal that Imprisonment is the most visibly form of punishment. The current structure of this system is failing terribly. To take people, strip them of their possessions and privacy, expose them to violence on a daily basis, restrict their quality of life to a 5x7ft cell, and deprive them of any meaning to live. This scenario is a standard form of punishment for violent offenders, although not suitable for nonviolent offenders. Today, almost 70% of all prisoners are serving time for nonviolent offenses. U.S. States are spending an average of $100 million per year on new prisons and all U.S. taxpayers front the bill for a system that is not working (Carson). Why should we force taxpayers to pay to keep nonviolent criminals sitting in prison cells where they become bitter, aggressive, and more likely to repeat their offenses when released? The answer is we shouldn’t, there are more reliable forms of punishment available, and rehabilitation and restitution are two alternatives I firmly believe are most effective than incarceration. Nonviolent criminals should be punished differently. This is because nonviolent criminals do not learn from the misery of being in cells with violent inmates. Drug offenders for example are a public health problem, not public safety problem, and nonviolent offenders can be properly educated. We offer convicts no opportunities to learn compassion or take responsibility for what they have done, nor make restitution or offer atonement to their victims in any practical ways. ... ...he certainty of restitution, by requiring monetary payment, takes the profit out of crime (Carson).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most people have the common view that the criminal justice system’s increasing arrests and imprisonment is an effective strategy for reducing crime. If the judicial system makes greater distinction among violent and nonviolent crimes, the prisons will have the vacancies to incarcerate the Jeffery Dahmers of the world in prison for life. By providing alternatives to imprisonment for nonviolent offenders will reduce the burden of taxpayer’s dollars for added funding for construction of new prisons. I know as a College Student I would like to see increased State funding for education system rather than the millions allocated to the prison system of Pennsylvania. Prisons are not places where nonviolent offenders can serve time and then be released a better person, more fit for society. The prison environment is wrong, and as a result a nonviolent offender will leave unimproved. It is my belief that the alternatives of community control programs, rehabilitation programs, and restitution programs are the answers to the sentencing of nonviolent offenders.

Aquinas Epistemology and God Essay

Introduction:The scientific developments of the renaissance were powerful and they stimulate new ways of thought that one can be tempted to disregard any role medieval thinking plays in the general development of both renaissance and post renaissance philosophy up till today. It would be a mistake to take it that Descartes, Locke achieved a total radical break from the past and inaugurated a completely new philosophical era. One cannot understand scholars like Descartes or Locke without having some real knowledge of medieval thinking. Thus, in this essay, I wish to show that Aquinas, a thinker of the middle ages, thought on knowledge is of permanent value and that it deserves respect and due consideration for today’s discourse of philosophy. Aquinas Theory on Knowledge: His philosophy is based on the premise that knowledge and being are correlates. â€Å"In so far a thing is, it is knowable and in this resides its ontological truth. † Thus, the Thomistic theory of knowledge is a realist theory. It plays an integral part in his metaphysics and philosophy of being. Aquinas is not interested in the problem of objective as we have it in modern thinking and today rather, he is much more interested in how we acquire our knowledge and put them to use. Simply put, he investigates the process of knowledge. He identified three levels of acquiring knowledge namely: sense-experience, imaginations or ideations and intellection. Aquinas thus made an important contribution to epistemology, recognising the central part played by sense perception in human cognition. It is through the senses that we first become acquainted with existent, material things. Sense experience is contact with material things through the senses which supplies materials for the formation of ideas in imagination upon which understanding climbs to contemplate. It is thus a misconception to suppose that the fundamental role of sense perception was a discovery of the classical British empiricist. It is a synthesis of Aquinas’ Aristotelian view of knowledge. As a matter of fact, Aquinas laid more stress on sense perception as the first and unique source of knowledge than the British empiricist because he identified sense perception as the initial source of knowledge than reflection and introspection. â€Å"For a man perceives that he has a soul, and lives and exists by the fact that he perceives by the senses†. This source of knowledge for Aquinas is responsible for his five ways that he uses to prove God’s existence from the material world. He did not accept Anselm’s ontological proof because, he argues that self evident truths, such as God’s existence in which its attributes belong necessarily to the subject , may not be fruits of experience but experience makes man to be conscious of them. That is another reason where he differs from radical British empiricist. He argues based on his arguments for God that â€Å"in as far as God is manifested in and through the beings of the sensible world, as the necessary source,†¦ the embodied human intellect is capable of proceeding beyond sense to know the source of a non-dependent, non-conditioned absolute being called God. † He sees the intellect as capable of penetrating through the unanalysed superficiality of sensation. Agreeing with Aristotle, he admits that knowledge is obtained through two stages of operation, sensitive and intellective, which are intimately related to one another. The intellect does attain ideas from the material that is presented to it by the senses to extend beyond the world of the senses. The two cognitive faculties, the sense and intellect, are naturally capable of acquiring knowledge proper to them. Thus, for Aquinas, it is man’s initiative to know through his makeup although such make up is sustained by God. This sustenance by God makes him to make the proper distinction between faith and reason as sources of knowledge. Truths of faith are revealed truth such as trinity and truths of the scripture. But truths of reason must be perceived and abstracted upon. St. Thomas insistently repeats â€Å"reason gathers truth on the ground of intrinsic evidence, while faith accepts truths based on the authority of the word of God. Therefore, there are two types of wisdom namely philosophical –highest activity of man’s intellect and theological- super science or revealed truth. This distinction is essential to today’s view or tension between science and religion. According to Paul Tillich, â€Å"neither scientific nor historical truth can affirm or negate the truth of faith. The truth of faith can not negate nor affirm scientific or historical truth too†. This is because, their objects are different. Truths of faith are revealed and not available to the senses while that of science is purely experiential based. Thus, they do not contradict each other. Nonetheless, both faith and reason can assist each other. According to Aquinas, faith can act as organ which helps reason to reach its final direction, the supreme truth which is God, â€Å"because God is in the highest degree of immateriality, he occupies the highest place in knowledge†. This led him to explain the value of knowledge and its truth, which is the ultimate goal of the intellect in perceiving and abstracting ideas. He noted that the intellect through a vigilant control of the senses can guarantee the formation of the sense representations. The intellect acquires truth when it gives value to the representations and ideas it forms in phantasm. â€Å"For Aquinas all the data of sense knowledge and all intelligible things are essentially true. † Truth consists in the equality of the intellect with its object, and such concordance is always found, both in sensitive cognition and in the idea. Error may exist in the judgment, since it can happen that a predicate may be attributed to a subject to which it does not really belong. Besides the faculty of judgment, Aquinas also admits the faculty of discursive reasoning, which consists in the derivation of the knowledge of particulars from the universal. Deductive, syllogistic demonstration must be carried out according to the logical relationships which exist between two judgments. In this process consists the science which the human intellect can construct by itself, without recourse either to innate ideas or to any particular illumination. This error free judgment for Aquinas, is proper to the being which is the supreme fundamental and greatest perfection permeating all things and giving them consistency and reality. Thus, each thing exists in its participation in Being. The true representation is received when the intellect gathers the Being of beings. Meanwhile, some truth can be received although not perfect, when the data is abstracted by the intellect. The dilemma of knowledge search today is explained by Thomistic epistemology recourse to revealed truth. Thomas claimed that human reason is naturally led to knowledge – from sense experience through phantasm to intellection- to knowing truth and know all truths, whether it is the material world, spiritual world, speculative, practical, political, moral or educational truth etc. But it meets with difficulties which include passions, sentiments, complexity of objects etc. This obstacle is more serious in terms of religious or moral truths because of their abstract nature. Nonetheless, reason has the ability to reach higher grounds to know God – the supreme truth- his attributes, existence but these obstacles are removed by God’s assistance or intervention to furnish human reason with a clearer manifestation of his being. The ultimate threshold of knowledge alone can give light to the mind to reach him. Thus, he introduces faith in his epistemology though at the end. The ordinary organ of knowledge is reason enabled through immediate evidence of experience but faith comes in when there are obstacles to assist reason to reach quickly as possible its final threshold, supreme truth. â€Å"Faith will tell us Christ is present when our human senses fail†. Conclusion: The limitation Aquinas placed on reason due to obstacles in which it needs to be helped by God makes the whole idea of his epistemology a movement to faith. It seems to many that Aquinas argues to God and not for truth in its own sake. Hegel for instance argues that he treated philosophy according to the categories of theology. Bertrand Russell. A Thomism which limits itself to the consideration of material substance as the start of all knowledge proves itself inadequate in age where everything seems beyond our sensual grasp. Again, Thomism didn’t relinquish heritage of truth for the sake of new sides but a one way drive of reason Nonetheless, Aquinas’ epistemology is vital for us because it has consequences for philosophy generally especially in relation to theology. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Aquinas copplestton [ 4 ]. Aquinas copleston [ 6 ]. Age of belif p 150 [ 7 ]. Baptissta mondin p. 306 [ 8 ]. Yeager Hudson p. 12 [ 9 ]. P. 73 yeager hudson [ 11 ]. Benediction hymn composed by Aquinas for the feast of corpus Christi {cf. [ 12 ]. Marin j. walsh.

The Historical Importance and Latest Findings of the Great Wall of China

( Use related studies, other published or online stuff to analyse the selected site ) Introduction ( 250 ) The Great Wall was reckoned as the universe ‘s largest human-made construction made up of rock, bricks and earthen plants whose building started every bit early as the seventh century BC. Originally, it was used in many intents but the most important was to move as a boundary line control that comprised of ticker towers, fort station and troop quarters etc. It has received acknowledgment by doing the World Heritage List in 1987 of its cultural values in Chinese history. In recent decennary, archaeologists put attempts in look intoing the existent length of the Wall by using field walking, remote feeling and stratigraphy to look for archeological potency in nearby countries. It has contributed to a drastic alteration for the universe to acknowledge an even larger building undertaking in China. Over the old ages, it has been pulling tourers from all around the Earth to witness this olympian munition. In malice of their eternal captivation towards the most reckonable antediluvian wall, many were inconsiderate in littering that sparked arguments in its saving work. Furthermore, the Great Wall is praised by its profound value in Chinese history, act as a strong symbol and historical grounds for people to determine past events. In the followers, it will discourse its historical importance, recent unearthed findings, saving work and cultural v alues to analyse its relationship of yesteryear and nowadays. Standards of WHL [ Danny ] Harmonizing to the World Heritage Convention, there are 10 standards for the universe heritage choice. Six of them are civilization standards and four of them are natural standards. The commission will measure the heritage site based on this 10 standards. If the heritage sites list on the WHL, â€Å"sites must be of outstanding cosmopolitan value and meet at least one out of 10 standards ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . The Great Wall is the civilization site that list on the WHL and it meets five out of six civilization standards of choice. In add-on, the Great Wall meets standards ( I ) , ( two ) , ( three ) , ( four ) and ( six ) . So, the Great Wall is a heritage site that contains outstanding cosmopolitan value. Therefore, the Great Wall has been listed on the WHL at 1987. The standard ( I ) is â€Å"to represent a chef-d'oeuvre of human originative mastermind ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . The Great Wall is a chef-d'oeuvre because it is the lone human custodies built building on the Earth that human can see it from the infinite ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The length of it is larger than 20,000 kilometres and all built by human custodies. So, it shows the human originative mastermind in edifice this immense graduated table building. For the standard ( two ) , the heritage site shows the important interchange in the human values. The human values of Chinese spread to the northern frontier in the period of Chunqiu. The Great Wall reinforces the Sinicism by the transportation of population ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . Some of the Chinese and alien from north lived near the Great Wall and the civilization intergradation shows the interchange in the human values. For the standard ( three ) , the heritage site provides particular or of import groundss to the civilisation. The Great Wall provides particular or of import groundss to â€Å"the rammed-earth subdivisions of munitions dating from the Western Han ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . Some subdivisions of the Great Wall are made of the rammed-earth which is the old constructional stuff. For the standard ( four ) , the heritage site is an outstanding theoretical account for edifices, architectural manner or trade. Since the Great Wall is the longest and oldest military building in the World, it is an outstanding theoretical account for military building. In 220 B.C. , Qin Shi Huang built the first military construction-the Great Wall of the Qin dynasty to protect the state ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . In the ulterior dynasties, they besides built this sort of military building to forestall the incursion from the North. Therefore, The Great Wall is an outstanding theoretical account for munitions and it served as military intent for 2,000 old ages. For the standard ( six ) , the heritage site is associated with the literary work of outstanding world-wide significance. â€Å"The Great Wall has an uncomparable symbolic significance in the history of China ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . We can happen the Great Wall this symbolic significance in many Chinese literary plants in Tang dynasty such as the verse form of Tu Fu ( 712-770 ) ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . As a cultural heritage site, the Great Wall does non run into the standards ( V ) . Harmonizing to the demand, the heritage site on the WHL merely need to run into at least one standard. The other five standards have cogent evidence that the Great Wall is qualified and worthy to name on the WHL. Excavation [ Kelly’s ] Even though the Great Wall still remains in China, archeologists have found assorted agencies to analyze sites around the Great Wall in command to seek its cultural significance. In fact, the most outstanding survey was the usage of Google Earth and C dating that helped in detecting a lost section of the Wall back in 2011 in Southern Mongolia ( Owen, 2012 ) . Initially, the archeologists were look intoing typographic hints seen in Google Earth through orbiter exposure. Via remote feeling, they were able to confer with ancient historical texts to analyse these satellite imagination. Interestingly, they merely discovered a staying piece of fossil alternatively of skull and big femur. With this grounds in head, archeologists thought that the Wall must be in a much extended length. Similarly, carbon 14 dating had shown partially exposed wood and rope remains ; the building was so assumed to be went on for over 100s of old ages or even more than a thousand old ages subsequently, about from 1040 to 1160. As a consequence, they widely supposed that Western Xia dynasty constructed the Wall on the site ( Owen, 2012 ) . Excavation is hence really indispensable in set uping an approximative day of the month of the yesteryear for archeological sites. Up until now in 2015, archeologists have been analyzing archive exposures, historical paperss and field walking to detect more and more parts of the Great Wall that have non been publically seeable. One squad of experts in Northwestern China discovered a new subdivision of wall which is comprised of rammed Earth whereas some parts were even built on top of mountain scopes and spread along vales ; it was found chiefly between Jingyuan Country and Nanchangtan small town. In historical paperss, they came to a consensus that Emperor Qin demanded the Great Wall had to run across Gansu state, Ningxia and Mongolia. However, some ruins were found shorter than usual that the archeologists believed it was because of natural debasement. In this instance, the Great Wall can be seen as different constructions built through both Northern and Southern Mongolia from start to complete, and existed over a twosome of dynasties ( Chow and Chan, 2015 ) . All in all, from the above dating methods and analytical survey of the Great Wall, many published stuffs have told the universe how the Great Wall is really more extended ; it surely was a ground-breaking intelligence for archeologists and tourers every bit good. In peculiar, Google Earth was deeply applied in the survey as it proved its scientific values in making archeological research. Under these fortunes, archeology can be seen as a stepping rock for the Chinese to hold deeper apprehensions of Chinese history and even the cultural transmutation in their ain topographic point. From larning about the past emperors, the Chinese can besides heighten their sense of belonging with ascendants and portion amongst coevalss. Preservation Presently, sing the saving of the Great Wall, several steps are undergoing. Patrol Teams Harmonizing to an article found on China daily, an official patrolling squad is being organized to look into against the harm of the gigantic construction. This policing squad will concentrate on the subdivision in Beijing, which is 630km long, including the most popular subdivision of the Great Wall, Badaling. ( http: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htm, 2006 ) As mentioned by Yu Ping, deputy manager of the Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage, members of this squad will normally be rural occupants who live near the Wall, and will be paid by local authoritiess. Apart from the patrol squad, a buffer zone would besides be drawn to assist protect the Great Wall, as announced by the Chinese disposal. This buffer zone will take up to three old ages to be finished. At nowadays, merely a general criterion runing from 500 meters to 2 kilometers off from the Wall is designated as a buffer zone to protect it. Change in Law to protect the Great Wall Back in Sep. 20 of 2006, the State Council have promulgated ordinances sing the protection of the Great Wall, which have come into consequence on Dec. 1 of the same twelvemonth ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A ; id=5635 & A ; CGid= , 2006 ) . The jurisprudence will concentrate on protecting the Great Wall, with its affiliated edifices and environing enviornment. For illustration, from August 2003 onwards, tramps and tourers will non be permitted to research unprotected subdivisions of the Great Wall. Harmonizing to an article found on Travel China Guide, The intent of the ordinance are to assist modulate visitor’s and local resident’s behaviours when sing the Wall. For illustration, article 18 of the ordinance forbits activites such as illegal organisations of activities and taking off points related to the Great Wall. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/ , 2006 ) Restoration Attempts Back in March of 2004, the initial stage of redevelopment on the subdivision known as Huanghuacheng had begun. Harmonizing to an article found on China Daily, â€Å"it includes rehabilitating 13 crenelations, two Gatess and 3,300 meters of wall on a four-kilogreat wall from the spacemetre stretch.† ( http: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htm, 2005 ) Mei Ninghua, manager of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Heritage, besides mentioned that this redevelopment undertaking is scheduled to be carried out in three stages and would be at least 12 million kwai. To add on, Luo Zhewen, an expert on ancient architecture besides noted that original stuffs and traditional techniques should be used every bit much as possible, otherwise, the word â€Å"preservation† could non be fulfilled. Improvement However, merely as the saving work is undergoing, harm to the Wall are still going serious. Presently, A big sum of the wall has collapsed and in some subdivisions, merely its foundation remains, accroding to a five-year study ( Rossella Lorenzi, 2012 ) . On the other manus, subdivisions which are yet to be restored, known as â€Å"wild wall† and are non unfastened to the populace, besides suffer from semisynthetic harm. It could be found that local small towns frequently put up Fe ladders illicitly to pull tramps. It is frequently argued concentrated touristry is the chief cause for the harm done on the Wall, with most of the bricks in Badaling being carved with people’s names and graffito as back uping grounds. The Great Wall’s current saving work could be improved from several positions. First, it would be of import to educate the populace about the importance and cultural significance of stand foring their cultural individuality. Extra attention and fiscal support should be given to locals small towns populating near parts which are considered â€Å"wild walls. Most of the small towns are â€Å"damaging the Wall† merely because they are holding a tough life. It is possible that with equal fiscal support, the village’s load could be alleviated and no longer need to go on the aforesaid act. Planting trees can besides assist protect the countries from eroding. However, there are still suites for dialogue among cultural heritage organisations and Chinese authorities. Last but non least, tourers like us can besides take part in assisting the saving work. Merely as usual pattern when we visit foreign topographic points, we should ne'er go forth rubbish behind nor take away anything related to the Great Wall. Such undistinguished actions could lend a batch to the saving work to an extent far beyond our imaginativeness. Cultural significance of cultural site The Great Wall is the longest and oldest military munitions in the World, and ranks among the â€Å"Seven Wonders of the World† . It starts from Shanhaiguan Pass in the E and ends at Jiayuguan Pass in the West which is for protect the resist the invasion of mobile folks in different periods. The Great Wall was foremost built at the Spring and Autumn Period ( 770-476 BC ) and constructed at the Ming dynasties ( 1368-1644 ) , and the history reflected the significance and cultural significance behind the Great Wall. First of wholly, the Great Wall is a powerful symbol in China. It represents the fusion of China because it is a wall that made China was unified in the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) . ( China Highlights, 2011 ) In the Spring and Autumn Period, the first portion of the Great Wall was built to against the war. The Great Wall had the intent of military defence, particularly in forestalling northern people on horseback from assailing people in the South. In the Qin dynasty ( 221 BC ) , King Zheng of Qin incorporate China by linked all the wall together and formed a dividing line in China. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, all of the Chinese worked together for the good of the state. ( Chen, 2014 ) Besides, the Great Wall is used as a spliting line to split the North and south nationality and maintain their civilization non affected by each other. Besides, the Great Wall helped to defence the northern people came and attacked China. In The â€Å" March of the Volunteers † which is t he National Anthem of the People ‘s Republic of China, the wordss â€Å"Take our flesh, and construct it to go a new Great Wall! † show that the Great Wall is the protection for the life and spirit of Chinese. ( Chiu, n.d. ) Second, the fables and narratives about the Great Wall show the cultural significance. As the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese state and its civilization, there were tonss of beautiful fables and narratives happened during building are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu ‘s narrative and the fable of the Beacon Tower. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 ) For the Meng Jiangnu ‘s narrative, it happened during the Qin Dynasty ( 221BC-206BC ) . Meng Jiangnu ‘s hubby was caught by federal functionaries and sent to construct the wall. After Meng knew her hubby was dead because of physique the wall, she cried and her ululation caused the prostration of a portion of the wall. This narrative shows the wall is the production of 10s of 1000s of Chinese common mans. Those beautiful narratives and legends about the wall are helpful to maintain the Chinese history and civilization. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 ) The Great Wall built to protect the civilization and agribusiness of China and support the onslaught from northern people. With the history and cultural significance of the Great Wall, it represents the spirit of Chinese as Chinese are tough and strong to protect themselves.DecisionReference List: [ Danny ]UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Criteria for Selection. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/2. UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Great Wall. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 [ Kelly’s ] 3. Owen ( 2012 ) ,â€Å"Lost† Great Wall of China Segment Found? National Geographic News. Mar 20, 2012. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120319-great-wall-of-china-mongolia-science-lindesay/ ? utm_source=feedburner & A ; utm_medium=feed & A ; utm_campaign=Feed % 3A+ng % 2FNews % 2FNews_Main+ % 28National+Geographic+News+-+Main % 29 & A ; utm_content=Google+Reader 4.Chow and Chan ( 2015 ) ,It ‘s even greater than we thought! Archeologists discovered NINE new subdivisions of the Great Wall of China.Daily Mail Online. Peopless Daily. United Kingdom. Apr 16, 2015. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3041972/It-s-greater-thought-Archaeologists-discovered-NINE-new-sections-Great-Wall-China.html [ Aiken’s ]Great Wall subdivision gets facelift ( 2005 ) .China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htmRegulations on Great Wall Protection,Travel China GuideRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/Great Wall to present patrol squad,China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htmRossella Lorenzi ( June 7, 2012 ) . Great Wall of China Twice every bit long as idea,Discovery NewsRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/great-wall-china-long-120607.htmRegulations on the Protection of The Great Wall,a?-a ¤Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢a?†¹e†¹Ã‚ ±?-†¡c ¶?Retrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A ; id=5635 & A ; CGid= [ Kawun ] Travel China Guide ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/culture/ China Highlights ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/culture/ Chen, A. ( 2014 ) . China Travel Page.Cultural Significance of the Great Wall of China. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinatravelpage.com/cultural-significance-of-the-great-wall-of-china Chiu, L. ( n.d. ) , Chinese Culture. InThe Chinese National Anthem. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //chineseculture.about.com/od/musicinchina/a/Nationalanthem.htm